📖 English

English, quick reference

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English has no formula sheet. This is a technique/criteria study aid. Opens the official NZQA subject page English, Formula & Reference Sheet L3 · Study Hub

Grade criteria, technique checklists and sentence starters for both essays. Print and pin above your desk.

Grade criteria (both standards)

• Achieved, respond critically: reasoned personal response, supported with specific evidence.
• Merit, …convincingly: developed, coherent, evidence integrated.
• Excellence, …perceptively: insight, purpose, viewer/reader positioning, wider world.
• Every paragraph: technique → evidence → effect → link (don’t retell plot).

Film language checklist (91473)

• Cinematography: shot size, angle (low=power/high=vulnerable), movement, focus.
• Mise-en-scène: setting, colour, costume, props, staging.
• Lighting: high-key / low-key / chiaroscuro.
• Sound: diegetic vs non-diegetic, score, silence.
• Editing: cut, cross-cut, match cut, pace/rhythm.

Literary technique checklist (91472)

• Language: metaphor, simile, symbolism, imagery, personification.
• Structure/voice: characterisation, motif, structure, irony, foreshadowing, tone.

Sentence starters

• “Through [technique], [author/director] positions the [reader/viewer] to…”
• “This creates… which makes the audience feel/realise…”
• “Reinforced by [technique], this…”
• “Ultimately, [author] does this to challenge/expose/celebrate…”
• “Beyond the text, this speaks to the way society…”